René Descartes (1596–1650) was a creative mathematician of the first order, an important scientific thinker, and an original metaphysician. e. B) Behaviorism is to evolutionary psychology. by changing the experiences that comprise those impressions. It is a primary theme among ancient. (c) Organic in nature. Human Nature, not only exists ~. Plato believed that there was a sharp distinction between. Plato’s views of happiness generally consisted of the importance of morality and following the cardinal values of justice, fortitude, prudence, and temperance. e. nurture, nurture takes the victory here. The Views Of Plato And Aristotle On The Nature Vs. 2 Pages 993 Words. Aristotle and Plato (4th Century B. Plato was a pupil and friend of the greek philosopher Socrates. 4. However, the development of genetics has gained a renewed interest in the scientific community and the eugenics community. C. Beckett (2002) defined the nature as. Plato then became the teacher of Aristotle who. Plato’s Politics - yourbigsky. Tabula rasa ( / ˈtæbjələ ˈrɑːsə, - zə, ˈreɪ -/; Latin for "blank slate") is the idea of individuals being born empty of any built-in mental content, so that all knowledge comes from later perceptions or sensory experiences. Nature refers to people’s genes. nurture (or genetic inheritance vs. This means that when an entity moves or is at rest according to its nature reference to its nature may serve as an explanation of the event. Nature is the genetics, what. Francis Galton (1822-1911) was the first to coin the term “nature versus nurture” as. This debate concerns how much of an individual, and who s/he is, can be attributed either to nature (i. ”. 1 Reply. Plato suggests that the soul is distinct from the body. Aristotle and Plato were prominent supporters of nature over nurture. Knowledge itself can be of many different things and is usually divided among three main categories: knowledge of the external world,. Plato’s central doctrines. Although more evidence is being discovered, the topic is still very arguable. Nature vs. These two sides have good points that are really hard to decide whether a person’s development is predisposed in his or her DNA‚ or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment. (a) Product of selfishness of man. " 12 PLATO’S CONTRIBUTION TO EDUCATIONAL THOUGHTNature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists more recently. Protagoras (490–420 BCE ca) was one of the most important sophists and exerted considerable influence in fifth-century intellectual debates. Freud believed that throughout a person’s life, the id would grow weaker and weaker, while the ego and superego grew stronger. Preliminaries. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development. In around the 300s BC, Socrates and Plato began entertaining the idea of nativism, the belief that a person’s thoughts, ideas, and characteristics are inborn. ” PlatoChapter five of Kupperman’s book “Theories of human nature” looks at great philosophers, namely Plato’s and Aristotle’s points of view in trying to define humanity. The controversial debate of nature vs nurture. The great Greek philosopher, Aristotle, (384 BC – 322 BC) advocated studying philosophy through empiricism, which is the idea that it’s only possible to determine any truth through actual experience. Plato and Descartes, philosophers who were thinking and writing some centuries earlier than ours, proposed that many human char-The nature versus nurture debate can be traced back to ancient times, when early thinkers pondered the extent to which human behavior and characteristics were determined by inherited factors or shaped by external influences. The problem of universals is considered a central issue in traditional metaphysics and can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle's philosophy, particularly in their attempt to explain the nature and status of forms. The topic of nature versus nurture becomes the cause of debate among scientists, doctors, behaviorists, and many others. nurture debate in psychology concerns the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities (nature) versus personal experiences (nurture) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. 00 (HB). The nature versus nurture debate represents one of the oldest issues in the research of human behavior dealing with the question whether inherited traits or life experiences (e. nature vs. Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry. The Efficient cause in the universe. The Stoics assume that the good life for human beings is a life in accord with nature. One of the most fundamental metaphysical concepts, the essence indicates those properties that define what a thing is. On the other hand, Aristotle disagreed that knowledge. Plato and Aristotle are two such theorists who had concepts of how to improve existing societies throughout their specific lifetimes. social background), philosophy vs. This entry was posted in Nature/Nurture and tagged aristotle, nature, nurture, plato, socrates on January 30,. If a clinician focuses primarily on the presence of others and peer and other group influences, they are focusing on: A. *The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. These perspectives correspond to the theories of nature and nurture respectively. 1 Behaviorism and Nativism. 1. Aristotle was a good deal less other-worldly than Plato. Ancient psychologists. Both Plato and Aristotle believed that there is a world of true knowledge,. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Studies that were conducted with Romanian children who were raised in orphanages in the 1980s and early 1990s are used to illustrate the overarching principle that: a. There are conspicuous differences in thoughts. Open Document. 1 The Nativist Turn 1. The nature side of the debate, is debated whether or not the characteristics of a person, like personality and habits are passed down through the family gene. nature is much more important than. nurture dualism has framed the modern conversation in biology and psychology. The problem is that most of us think that Plato and Aristotle are simply wrong about what the wise and just laws are. View Answer. Contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on the nature versus nurture debate. The nature vs. can be traced back several millenniums ago. Nurture . Abstract: Aristotle is committed to three propositions which seem to be mutually inconsistent: (1) He thinks that natural phenomena occur either always or for the most part. Classical Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle picked their sides on the causes of human. Those who are too smart to engage in politics are punished by being governed by those who are dumber. 24 It is possible he is thinking here of Plato’s Symposium, which urges that poems are better than human children (Sym. This entry was posted in Nature/Nurture and tagged aristotle, behavior, change, empiricism, ideas, inborn, interests, learned, nativism, nature, nurture, plato, socrates, thoughts on January 25, 2014 by Tabitha Lundstrom. Nature, according to Aristotle, is an inner principle of change and being at rest ( Physics 2. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. One side will argue the point of nature, saying genetics hold the key that unlocks human development. The age-old question regarding nature and nurture can be argued either way and has by countless learned and brilliant people. In a APA formatted 3-page typed essay (12pt Times font, double spaced), consider the following questions: Firstly, what were the views of Plato on the nature vs. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection greatly influenced the nature vs. The Nature versus Nurturedebate is an old one, and its arguments have endured across different eras. Aristotle and Rousseau and more. viii)—a form of cultural lag dating only to the early twenty-first century, but which is nonetheless significant—the case must be made that Nature and Nurture are now known to always interact during development. e. This is the question of nature vs nurture, and the subject-matter of evolutionary psychology. Skinner talked a lot about natural selection in that we‚ as a species‚. Psychologists have debated the argument of nature vs. Like the nature versus nurture debate, Stage 1 of the person versus situation debate consisted of passionate arguments about which one of these contenders, conceptualized as dichotomous entities, was more important and explains more of the variance. Aristotle’s view of goodness is far more realistic to the actual world, and it disproves Plato’s belief that goodness is eternal, essential, and universal. P 262) [1] argued that perception is innate because the sensory array is sufficiently rich in information for perception to take place without any additional. for them. Socrates’ view of wisdom, as expressed by Plato in The Apology (20e-23c), is sometimes interpreted as an example of a humility theory of wisdom (see, for example, Ryan 1996 and Whitcomb, 2010). Is our personality shaped by the environment, or are we largely programmed genetically? No one can answer whether nature or nurture leads to certain traits i. Mary Shelley's believes in nurture more than nature. Besides looking nearly identical to my mom, I also act a lot like her. Plato’s enormous impact on later philosophy, education, and culture can be traced to three interrelated aspects of his philosophical life: his written philosophical dialogues, the teaching and writings of his student Aristotle, and the educational organization he began, “the Academy. plato used the image of a divided line to illustrate _____. Nature and nurture debate is a discussion that concerns the comparative significance of individuals’ innate qualities. Tabula rasa. The debate surrounding Nature V. Leibniz was one of the first who drew attention to the lack of Plato’s influence on Locke when in his Preface to the New Essays on Human Understanding he wrote: [Although the author of the Essay says hundreds of fine things which I applaud, our systems are very different. The rationalist view originated from the philosophies of Plato and Descartes‚ it is based on the premise that certain fundamental ideas are innate. Nurture Through time‚ psychologists have argued over whether only our genes control our behaviors in life or if the environment and the people surrounding us have any effect in our lives. For Plato and Aristotle, recognition and participation in the public sphere is (or at least should be) based on virtue. Rathus pg. Although throughout your life you can have different. Check out this FREE essay on Nature Versus Nurture ️ and use it to write your own unique paper. Plato NATURE vs nurture POV. applied research. The debate surrounding. Defining human nature Plato defined humanity in terms of reason. a. , upbringing) play a greater role in shaping, for example, our personality. Plato believed behavior and knowledge was due to innate factors. nomos could be applied to any subject, much like the modern contrast of "nature vs. This idea is the central view posited in the theory of knowledge known as empiricism. Plato remained at the Academy teaching, writing, and living comfortably until he died in 347 B. Plato. The term “Nature via Nurture” is used to show the co-relation between the two identities. Examples are aplenty supporting both sides. D) Skinner is to Chomsky. Its meaning and relation to positive law have been debated throughout time, varying from a law innate or divinely determined to one. In mathematics, he developed the techniques that made. Nurture debate. Aristotle acknowledges that “everything is defined by its task and by its. The term "nature vs. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest debates in psychology. Nurture versus nature is an age old debate, beginning with the idea’s founders, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences that gave rise to these schools of. *The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. Plato. Even though Aristotle generally supported education for all the citizens, women and the mentally disabled were not considered worthy to be taught. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. Born in 384 B. Nurture Debate There is an issue that has been conferred upon by philosophers in. Nurture Debate. Aristotle, Plato's most famous student, made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature. I will argue, with reference to the Symposium , that Aristotle does not ignore various key strands of Plato's account of eros , and that reflection on the particular nature of Aristotle's relationship to this work is helpful in restoring attention to more general ethical themes that emerge from the Platonic work. nurture debate has been around since Ancient Greece when Plato and Aristotle disputed the origins of human behaviour. Origins of Psychology - Originated in Philosophical Questions - Aristotle and Plato debated psychological issues - Was how a person thought and acted inborn (nature) - Or were thinking and behavior acquired through education, experience, and culture (nurture) Nature vs. The debate dates back to the time of the Ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held contradicting views about human intelligence. The nature vs. ). Darwinian theories of human nature. Original year of publication. Although the term wasn't coined until 1869 by, Francis Galton. Both Plato and Aristotle present carefully thought out arguments regarding the nature of forms in objects is often the case with two opposing viewpoints that the best solution is some combination of the two, and this may be true for the question of forms. nurture debate can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Aristotle and John Locke. c. The debate concerning 'nature vs. Nature vs. It is widely believed that the philosophical concept of ‘ tabula rasa ’ originates with Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and refers to a state in which a child is as formless as a blank slate. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists more recently. Nature vs. According to Plato, art imitated the real world, and truth was an intellectual abstraction. In 350 B. Nature vs. Introduction. Aristotle and Plato were philosophers in ancient Europe who critically studied questions of social, science, politics, and more. Plato and Aristotle d. Nature Versus Nurture Success In 1869 anthropologist Francis Galton coined the nature versus nurture debate. In Plato's Laws. As the story goes,. Plato, Poetry, and Tragedy: Plato's Republic. Aristotle. Nature Vs Nurture Quotes. For example, during the Greek Classical Period, Plato favored nature, and disputed with Aristotle who favored nurture. In pre-Socratic usage, physis. It originated from the diverse beliefs of the two ancient philosophers Plato and Aristotle. These terms date back to the ancient Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Many basic ideas that we still examine in psychology can be traced back to these two Greek philosophers; who had a very logical, analytical form of psychology that treats behavior as something simple; analyzed reasons for actions and types of. The nature vs. Nature versus Nurture Cindy Dean ECE 205: Introduction to Child Development Instructor: Alan Reitman August 3, 2014 Nature versus Nurture The topic Nature versus. Aristotle (/ ˈ ær ɪ ˌ s t ɒ t əl /; Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs, pronounced [aristotélɛːs]; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. The nature versus nurture debate spans thousands of years and includes classic philosophers and writers. d. nurture. The Socratic philosophers in ancient Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. • Plato proposed that the origins of structure and function lie in the organism's nature whereas Aristotle proposed that they lie in its nurture. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Comparing the Similarities and Differences Between Plato and Aristotle. Following Aristotle, Plato, and. Nurture Nature vs nurture is a psychology term related to whether heredity or environment has a greater impact on human psychological development (as in behavior‚ habits‚ intelligence‚ personality‚ sexuality and so on). (a) Wisdom. C) Nativism is to philosophical empiricism. . His is closer to Aristotle and mine to Plato, although each of us parts. Aristotle. Plato believed that the Democratic state degenerates into anarchy and that paves the way for the Tyrant to come in and rule over the weak. Nurture Halil B. Nature and nurture debate is a discussion that concerns the comparative significance of individuals’ innate qualities. 1. The argument of nature vs. First published Tue May 18, 2004; substantive revision Tue Nov 9, 2021. The theory of nature versus nurture initially came into the light in 1869 and the psychologist Sir Francis Galton was credited to use the term for the first time in history (Bynum 2002). Nurture - Nature refers to traits and characteristics that are inherited or genetic in. Nature vs. For example, during the Greek Classical Period, Plato favored nature, and disputed with Aristotle who favored nurture. 2. Researchers are finding that the balance between genetic and environmental influences for certain traits change , as people get older . Nature, according to Aristotle, is an inner principle of change and being at rest ( Physics 2. Nature is the idea that genetics and biology determine an individual’s behaviors and thoughts. However‚ for the object-orienteer‚ it has never been a problem: an object inherits all of its properties. nurture debate, nurture refers to the. Medical Daily writer, Dana Dovey, journalist of Nature vs. The nature-nurture debate concerned with the extent to which aspects of behavior are a product human, whether nature (i. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental. In other words, we are believed to be born with these thoughts, ideas and characteristics, and that. C. So to find what accords with nature, they. (Spencer A. However, as our understanding of genetics and environmental influences has advanced, the. The fundamentalism in this debate underpins the establishing or. nurture is an age-old debate about whether genetics (nature) plays a bigger role in determining a person's characteristics than lived experience and environmental factors (nurture). Politics. View Domain Essay #1. But like Plato, he was inspired by ancient Greek geometry. com Aristotle: A Complete Overview of His Life, Work, and Philosophy - The Collector Why Plato’s “The Republic” Is a Reminder of the Importance of. E), believed that our morality and capability of intelligence was inherited. F. The nature vs. Plato and Aristotle both believe that thinking, defined as true opinion supported by rational explanation is true knowledge; however, Plato is a rationalist but Aristotle is not. ). e. ”. Those that exist by nature have their origin in themselves, whereas those that exist by craft have their origin in the craftsperson. Many great philosophers and scientists. Decent Essays. Discussion 1: Plato or Aristotle theory of knowledge (nature vs nurture) -Aristotle: Knowledge comes from experience -Plato: Knowledge is born with Which other modern psychologist theorized about innateness?-Elizabeth Spelky Themes of Developmental Theories -Nature vs nurture -Active or passive child -Continuous vs Discontinuous. The nature versus nurture debate is of constant discussion amongst psychologists today. Nurture Debate: 50-Year Twin Study Proves It Takes Two To Determine Human Traits, has written that “A culmination of more than half a century of research collected on 14. Nurture versus nature is an age old debate, beginning with the idea’s founders, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Nativism versus empiricism, more commonly known as nature versus nurture, has been a hot topic for debate among psychologists in their attempt to understand how someone’s personality develops. Plato. “Greek philosopher Plato assumed that we inherit character and intelligence and that. 1 Reply. But what does this mean form me? I am an 18 year old young man trying to shape myself into an ideal person‚ I have tendencies‚ habits‚ talents‚ these come from both sides of this. Are we humans the product of nature or nurture?Nature is how much of your personality is genetic‚ what you were born with. its acquisition and analysis. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like nativism, philosophical empiricism, nature vs. 1 Aristotle on voluntary action. Both of these great philosophers assigned reason as a central role in defining humanity. Aristotle believed that human beings gain everything they know through personal experiences. d. However‚ the environmental stimulation‚ or nurture-inspired perspective will play a more important role than the. But the relevance of these discoveries or findings for human agency is open to discussion. c, between philosophers Aristotle, and Plato both trying to identify the driving force between human behavior. The expression “nature vs. nurture theory states. Aristotle and Plato were prominent supporters of nature over nurture. , philosophers were asking the same question on human behaviour. When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me. Classical Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle picked their. The nature vs nurture debate is a classic debate in psychology. genetic influence) or nurture (i. C. The argument of nature vs. In his works some clear statements about human nature are made:. Although there were Greek philosophers before their respective births, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the only three worth focusing on during this period. E), an Athenian philosopher, believed that knowledge was innate. The nature vs. Open Document. He believed that the world is for real, which can be observed and scrutinized by the human eye. 12. Plato argues that all nature is identical and all things have been discovered, nothing prevents anyone from remembering one thing and learning from discovering all the others (Menn, 2002). Some go back to Plato, Aristotle, and Anci. There is some puzzle about why Aristotle would use the example of poems. Plato was very concerned with ideas. For both Aristotle and his teacher, Plato (427 BC – 347 BC), there are two themes essential to their concept of truth in. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. E), Plato (427 – 347 B. Gail. Aristotle did not believe in Platonic Forms, existing independently of their instances. But the natural world as it is. This issue is whether heredity or environment plays a greater role in the determining or shaping of an individual's behavior. Plato and Aristotle were both philosophers with two different views on the issue. Aristotle is often regarded as one of Plato’s greatest rivals in the. Nature is genetics from the parents, and it makes the physical features of your body, it can also. Psychologists have debated the argument of nature vs. Nurture. Aristotle believed that human beings gain everything they know through personal experiences. Plato believing that knowledge was present at birth, and that environment did not teach anything new. Simbarashe Chiduma A RESEARCH PAPER Submitted to Baker College in partial fulfillment of requirements For class: Soc 201 Winter 2012 Homosexual is defined as: “of‚ relating to‚ or characterized by a tendency to direct sexual desire toward another of the. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. ”. C. " The founder of logical theory, Aristotle believed that. 2. It is known as the nature versus nurture debate. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences that gave rise to these schools of. These issues are at the center of the ongoing nature versus nurture debate or controversy. On one side Nature‚ the argument that it is the genes of the parents that shape a person behaviour‚ personality and even the persons well being to. However, whereas Plato believed the senses could fool a person, Aristotle stated that the senses were needed in order to properly determine reality. While early theories favored one factor over the other, contemporary views recognize a. Essay, Pages 11 (2607 words) Views. Nativism and empiricism are two different approaches to this development, with nativism placing an emphasis on being born with certain innate. This debate continuedBut Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled. Thousands of years before the field of psychology, philosophers pondered on human behavior. Physis. Aristotle’s Life. docx from MGT 101 at University of the Punjab. While generally accurate and certainly useful for pedagogical purposes, no rigid boundary separates the parts. The most important criterion for knowledge is objective necessity (Olesiak,. C. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists more recently. Socrates and Plato believed in nativism and Aristotle in empiricism. The Argument Of Nature Vs. Abstract. C. " Plato, Republic: "A man and a woman who have a physician's mind (psyche) have the same nature. , The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts then a. To those who would argue that Nature-Nurture interactionism “might turn out to be wrong” (Pinker 2002, p. 664 Words. , 2013). It is one of the oldest arguments in the psychology community, and has in fact existed longer than the twenty-one years I 've been alive. Plato applied an inside/out approach to the nature of reality. A unique feature about Aristotle's definition of "physis" was his relationship between art and nature. nurture debate is over whether children develop their physiological attributes based on genetics, which is “Nature” or how they were raised, also known as “nurture”. Nature is the predetermined traits that people are born with, while nurture is the influence that affects people after they’re born. Plato is widely considered to be one of the fathers of Western philosophy, and many of his ideas continue to be influential in philosophy today. Aristotle and Natural Law has two central concerns: it offers an analysis of the concept of natural law and its history, focusing especially on Greek philosophy and the sophistic debates of the fifth century, and it locates Aristotle within this history as Burns understands it. In Plato’s Meno,. Contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on the nature versus nurture debate. One realm is commonly known as the realm of change, also referred to as becoming things. Differentiate between a structuralist and functionalist approach to understanding consciousness. Kelly Gaudet October 12, 2017 Jennifer Blessing Child Psychology Plato and Aristotle: Nature vs Nurture Volunteering at PCAT I made1. (d) Inorganic in nature. philosophical schools, from Plato and Aristotle, down to Edward Carpenter and John Dewey, with attention along the way paid to both individual authors like Thomas Hobbes and Mary. 428 – 347 BC) and Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) are two of the most influential philosophers in history. Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Module 1 Setting the Stage -Philosophers have long been interested in the nature of childhood -Plato stated that children are born with innate knowledge, while Aristotle saw knowledge as rooted in experience. Nature vs. . The nature vs. 1. "There will be no end to the troubles of states, "or indeed of humanity itself, till philosophers "become rulers in this world, or till those "we now call. Plato’s discussions of rhetoric and poetry are both extensive and influential. - The “form is the nature more than the matter is” - The power, movement, and creativity of the “unmoved mover” Metaphysics by Aristotle - Perception and appearances are not the same - States or conditions exist simultaneously; pertains to potentiality and actuality Significant differences concerning nature between Plato and Aristotle. The basis of the nature versus nurture debate dates back to 500 B. Nature vs Nurture developed among Ancient psychologists because of their interest in how individuals obtained their knowledge. The British philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John. Unlike Plato who imagines the ideal city‚ Aristotle looks at actual cities in The Politics. (a) Wisdom. The words “Eudemian” and “Nicomachean” were. in Plato and Aristotle THOMAS M. Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change, by Bruce E. Suicide. “Man is a political animal,” Aristotle observes; human beings are creatures of flesh and blood, rubbing shoulders with each other in cities and communities. OLSHEWSKY MY CONCERN IN THIS PAVER is to give an exposition of, apology for, and to draw implications from, the following contrastive statement: On Plato's understanding, the soul is in the body; but Aristotle's account. nurture debate centers on the contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human development. During the Greek Classical period, Plato, who favored nature, disputed with Aristotle, who favored Nurture. But Aristotle had another theory that what builds the characteristics of people is the influence of. Aristotle wrote two ethical treatises: the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian Ethics. Aristotle was an epistemologist believing that the truth of objects in the world was to be found in objects themselves, not in their separate abstract form as Plato had suggested. This controversy is most often recognized as the nature verses nurture conflict. 01 Plato and Aristotle share with us the assumption that the aim of natural science is to provide an objective description of the natural world. ” “Nature” means innate biological. · “Human behavior flows from three main. 428–c. 56) Nurture is the sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward. The syllogism, a basic unit of logic (if A = B, and B = C, then A = C), was developed by Aristotle. The topic of nature versus nurture becomes the cause of debate among scientists, doctors, behaviorists, and many others. Aristotle and Locke c. " Aristotle conceived of politics as being like an organism rather than like a machine, and as a collection of parts none of. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. Some philosophers, such as Plato and Descartes, suggested that certain factors are inborn or occur naturally regardless of environmental influences.